# Copyright 2016 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved. # Modifications copyright (C) 2017 Uber Technologies, Inc. # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. # You may obtain a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and # limitations under the License. # ============================================================================== # pylint: disable=g-short-docstring-punctuation """## Communicating Between Processes with MPI TensorFlow natively provides inter-device communication through send and receive ops and inter-node communication through Distributed TensorFlow, based on the same send and receive abstractions. On HPC clusters where Infiniband or other high-speed node interconnects are available, these can end up being insufficient for synchronous data-parallel training (without asynchronous gradient descent). This module implements a variety of MPI ops which can take advantage of hardware-specific MPI libraries for efficient communication. """ from __future__ import absolute_import from __future__ import division from __future__ import print_function from horovod.common import check_extension check_extension('horovod.tensorflow', 'HOROVOD_WITH_TENSORFLOW', __file__, 'mpi_lib') from horovod.tensorflow.compression import Compression from horovod.tensorflow.mpi_ops import allgather, broadcast, _allreduce from horovod.tensorflow.mpi_ops import init, shutdown from horovod.tensorflow.mpi_ops import size, local_size, rank, local_rank from horovod.tensorflow.mpi_ops import mpi_threads_supported import tensorflow as tf def allreduce(tensor, average=True, device_dense='', device_sparse='', compression=Compression.none): """Perform an allreduce on a tf.Tensor or tf.IndexedSlices. Arguments: tensor: tf.Tensor, tf.Variable, or tf.IndexedSlices to reduce. The shape of the input must be identical across all ranks. average: If True, computes the average over all ranks. Otherwise, computes the sum over all ranks. device_dense: Device to be used for dense tensors. Uses GPU by default if Horovod was build with HOROVOD_GPU_ALLREDUCE. device_sparse: Device to be used for sparse tensors. Uses GPU by default if Horovod was build with HOROVOD_GPU_ALLGATHER. compression: Compression algorithm used to reduce the amount of data sent and received by each worker node. Defaults to not using compression. This function performs a bandwidth-optimal ring allreduce on the input tensor. If the input is an tf.IndexedSlices, the function instead does an allgather on the values and the indices, effectively doing an allreduce on the represented tensor. """ if isinstance(tensor, tf.IndexedSlices): with tf.device(device_sparse): # For IndexedSlices, do two allgathers intead of an allreduce. horovod_size = tf.cast(size(), tensor.values.dtype) values = allgather(tensor.values) indices = allgather(tensor.indices) # To make this operation into an average, divide all gathered values by # the Horovod size. new_values = tf.div(values, horovod_size) if average else values return tf.IndexedSlices(new_values, indices, dense_shape=tensor.dense_shape) else: with tf.device(device_dense): horovod_size = tf.cast(size(), dtype=tensor.dtype) tensor_compressed, ctx = compression.compress(tensor) summed_tensor_compressed = _allreduce(tensor_compressed) summed_tensor = compression.decompress(summed_tensor_compressed, ctx) new_tensor = (tf.div(summed_tensor, horovod_size) if average else summed_tensor) return new_tensor def broadcast_global_variables(root_rank): """Broadcasts all global variables from root rank to all other processes. Arguments: root_rank: rank of the process from which global variables will be broadcasted to all other processes. """ return tf.group(*[tf.assign(var, broadcast(var, root_rank)) for var in tf.global_variables()]) class BroadcastGlobalVariablesHook(tf.train.SessionRunHook): """ SessionRunHook that will broadcast all global variables from root rank to all other processes during initialization. This is necessary to ensure consistent initialization of all workers when training is started with random weights or restored from a checkpoint. """ def __init__(self, root_rank, device=''): """Construct a new BroadcastGlobalVariablesHook that will broadcast all global variables from root rank to all other processes during initialization. Args: root_rank: Rank that will send data, other ranks will receive data. device: Device to be used for broadcasting. Uses GPU by default if Horovod was build with HOROVOD_GPU_BROADCAST. """ super(BroadcastGlobalVariablesHook, self).__init__() self.root_rank = root_rank self.bcast_op = None self.device = device def begin(self): if not self.bcast_op or self.bcast_op.graph != tf.get_default_graph(): with tf.device(self.device): self.bcast_op = broadcast_global_variables(self.root_rank) def after_create_session(self, session, coord): session.run(self.bcast_op) class DistributedOptimizer(tf.train.Optimizer): """An optimizer that wraps another tf.Optimizer, using an allreduce to average gradient values before applying gradients to model weights.""" def __init__(self, optimizer, name=None, use_locking=False, device_dense='', device_sparse='', compression=Compression.none, sparse_as_dense=False): """Construct a new DistributedOptimizer, which uses another optimizer under the hood for computing single-process gradient values and applying gradient updates after the gradient values have been averaged across all the Horovod ranks. Args: optimizer: Optimizer to use for computing gradients and applying updates. name: Optional name prefix for the operations created when applying gradients. Defaults to "Distributed" followed by the provided optimizer type. use_locking: Whether to use locking when updating variables. See Optimizer.__init__ for more info. device_dense: Device to be used for dense tensors. Uses GPU by default if Horovod was build with HOROVOD_GPU_ALLREDUCE. device_sparse: Device to be used for sparse tensors. Uses GPU by default if Horovod was build with HOROVOD_GPU_ALLGATHER. compression: Compression algorithm used during allreduce to reduce the amount of data sent during the each parameter update step. Defaults to not using compression. sparse_as_dense: Treat all sparse gradients as dense tensors. This can help improve performance and memory utilization if the original sparse gradient has high density. Defaults to false. """ if name is None: name = "Distributed{}".format(type(optimizer).__name__) self._optimizer = optimizer self._device_dense = device_dense self._device_sparse = device_sparse self._compression = compression self._sparse_as_dense = sparse_as_dense super(DistributedOptimizer, self).__init__( name=name, use_locking=use_locking) def compute_gradients(self, *args, **kwargs): """Compute gradients of all trainable variables. See Optimizer.compute_gradients() for more info. In DistributedOptimizer, compute_gradients() is overriden to also allreduce the gradients before returning them. """ gradients = self._optimizer.compute_gradients(*args, **kwargs) if size() > 1: averaged_gradients = [] with tf.name_scope(self._name + "_Allreduce"): for grad, var in gradients: if grad is not None: if self._sparse_as_dense and \ isinstance(grad, tf.IndexedSlices): grad = tf.convert_to_tensor(grad) avg_grad = allreduce(grad, device_dense=self._device_dense, device_sparse=self._device_sparse, compression=self._compression) averaged_gradients.append((avg_grad, var)) else: averaged_gradients.append((None, var)) return averaged_gradients else: return gradients def apply_gradients(self, *args, **kwargs): """Calls this same method on the underlying optimizer.""" return self._optimizer.apply_gradients(*args, **kwargs) def get_slot(self, *args, **kwargs): """Calls this same method on the underlying optimizer.""" return self._optimizer.get_slot(*args, **kwargs) def get_slot_names(self, *args, **kwargs): """Calls this same method on the underlying optimizer.""" return self._optimizer.get_slot_names(*args, **kwargs) def variables(self, *args, **kwargs): """Calls this same method on the underlying optimizer.""" return self._optimizer.variables(*args, **kwargs)